1700 recipe analysis

http://www.bl.uk/learning/images/texts/cooks/large876.html


England’s Newest Way in Cookery, by Henry Howard, was first published in 1703. It was so popular that the first edition sold out in less than a year. This was the book that these recipes were in. These are short examples of recipes from the 1700’s. These recipes are quite concise as they don’t go into detail and do not provide any measurements for the reader to follow. At the beginning of each recipe imperatives are used, for example, “Take” “Boil”. Also throughout all of the recipes there is a use of extended S, an example of this would be in the first recipe it says “beat feven eggs” when now days we would say “beat seven eggs”.  In the second recipe there is an example of non-standard spelling as it says ‘rowl’ instead of roll. This could be due to the time the recipe was created, it was created in 1703 and the first dictionary was punished in 1755. The second recipe also states that there is a use of ‘sheep’s caul’, however, I was unaware of what this was until I searched it, this shows a contrast in time as currently we tend to buy everything readymade so we wouldn’t need to use ingredients such as sheep’s caul. Furthermore, in the third recipe the word order seems to be non-standard, it almost seems elliptical as when reading the sentences it sounds like words are missing.  In addition the second to last recipe has a lot of capitalisation, there are words within this recipe such as ‘Fingers’ that shouldn’t have a capital letter within the middle of a sentence but do. However, this may just be because there weren’t many spelling/language rules as there was no current dictionary.

Article analysis

Cognitive theory

Cognitive theory is an approach to psychology that attempts to explain human behaviour by understanding your thought processes.  Jean Piaget (1936) was the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development. His contributions include a theory of child cognitive development, detailed observational studies of mental action or knowledge in children, and a series of simple but inventive tests to reveal different cognitive abilities.

What Piaget wanted to do was not to measure how well children could count, spell or solve problems as a way of grading their I.Q. According to Piaget, children are born with a very basic mental structure on which all subsequent learning and knowledge is based.

Comments on article

The article we were asked to look at was about how broken homes may have an effect or damage the brains of infant children. It states that children that come from dysfunctional or broken families start school with the mental capacity of a one year old. People have put this down to the children’s or family’s background. In some respects, I agree. I believe that neglect and lack of attention to children as they grow up limits their motivation when they are forced to do things such as school.

Some may disagree with the statement. They believe that they learn and achieve from their own will and has very little to do with their background or upbringing. The main features of the article that are eye catching is the bold title, the high register language and the graphology.  

The purpose: the main purpose of this text is to inform however, the secondary purpose would be to persuade. This is because the article is telling you about education and how, stereotypically children learn. On the other hand the article is very biased and one sided so it is trying to persuade the readers to side with the writer of the article.

The mode: the mode is the form that the text is written in. The text we are looking at is in the form of an article. Possibly an online article.

The tone: due to the tone of the article it shows a high register because of the language that is used, however, the article also uses biased language.

The audience: the targeted audience for this article is adults, possibly parents with children. It may also be targeting others such as the education welfare etc.

The context: the article is about children from a less supporting background are more likely to have learning disabilities. This is seen this way because it states that broken or damaged homes effects the way the younger children in the household are able to use their brains and knowledge.

Language & Politics : the UK parliament

The British Parliament, is the law-making body in the United Kingdom, British Crown dependencies and British overseas lands. It alone possesses legislative authority and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and its territories. Its head is currently Queen Elizabeth II and its seat is the Palace of Westminster in the City of Westminster, located in Greater London.

The two-house system- Within the UK parliament, there are two main 'houses' which are similar in terms of roles - to introduce new laws, talk about particular issues, and to check the government's work. In this system, there is the House of Commons - this house is in charge of financial problems as well as legislating new laws.

Parliamentary language consists of many terms that are used that may not be understood by people outside of the field. For example:

Adjournment debate: usually a half-hour debate introduced by a backbencher at the end of business for the day. The subjects raised are often local or personal issues.

Committee of the whole House: when the entire House sits as a committee in the Chamber. It is presided over by the chairman of ways and means or one of his deputies, and the mace is placed under the table instead of upon it. The committee stages of bills of constitutional importance, urgent bills, and parts of the finance bill are usually taken in committee of the whole House instead of in standing committee.

Consolidation bill: a bill that seeks to draw together several previous enactments on a subject. In the Commons, the second and third readings are taken without debate.

Delegated legislation: legislation made by ministers under powers granted to them in acts of parliament.

Vote bundle: includes the order paper, giving the agenda for the current day's sitting, lists of parliamentary proceedings, a summary of the proceedings of standing committees that sat the previous day.

Standing order - an order made by the House (Commons or Lords) for the regulation of its proceedings.

Unparliamentary Language:

 Tradition has evolved that there are words or phrases that are deemed inappropriate for use in the legislature whilst it is in session. In a Westminster system, this is called unparliamentary language and there are similar rules in other kinds of legislative system. Exactly what constitutes unparliamentary language is generally left to the choice of the Speaker of the House. Part of the speaker's job is to enforce the assembly's debating rules, one of which is that members may not use "unparliamentary" language. That is, their words must not offend the dignity of the assembly.

Some Examples :

•Bullshit

•git

•traitor

•liar

Political Poster analysis

Political Poster analysis:

I looked at a political poster that was used in WW2 which was made to make people want to join the U.S army. The first thing that catches your eye is the photo in the middle of the poster, it is of a man dressed smartly with a hat on, all in red white and blue to represent the USA. In the photo it is almost as if the man is making eye contact with the reader which makes the reader believe the poster is directed at them specifically. The man is also pointing which is also directive but intimidating to the reader, it may make them feel obliged to do as the poster says out of fear. Additionally another point that could be made of the photo in the middle could be that the person pointing is a male, some may see this as sexist and view that males would be the only sex able to have power and control over others.

The purpose of this poster is clearly to persuade you to join the U.S Army. To persuade would clearly be the primary purpose of this poster but some may argue that the secondary purpose would be to inform only on the basis that it is informing you that people are needed within the army and informing you of the importance.

The first three words at the top of the poster are ‘I WANT YOU’. The word ‘I’ is a personal pronoun which makes it seem that this message is only coming from one person and the poster may be viewed as a conversation almost between the reader and the director. The word ‘want’ shows a sense on influential power as the poster is trying to persuade you to do something. The final word within that clause is ‘you’ which is a second person pronoun, but it is also underlined showing the importance of the word and stressing the significance of how much they need people to join. Only statements are made on this poster which would be threatening negative face as there is no politeness at all on this poster.

The words at the bottom of the poster state ‘for the U.S ARMY ENLIST NOW’. I believe that the ‘for the’ is in smaller font than the rest of the writing on the poster because it is on least importance. If you took out ‘for the’ it would only seem more forceful but it would still make sense. The ‘U.S Army’ links to the context of the poster and what the poster is about. The final line says ‘enlist now’ giving a sense of urgency especially as it is in bold writing making it stand out but also the lexical choice gives off the same impression. The word ‘now’ is an imperative showing vital importance to the readers, however, it is still very strong without any politeness used.

Overall this poster is very straight forward. There isn’t much information as there are no full sentences only clauses used and it is clear what message they wanted to betray, this message was that people are needed/wanted in the U.S army and quickly. The country the poster is about it also made clear due to the colours used on the clothes of the man in the poster and it being stated that it is the U.S army towards the bottom.

Corruption within the police article

CORRUPTION WITHIN THE POLICE

Corruption within the police

A policeman ate whilst driving and urinated in public but wasn’t convicted or charged!!!

Do you think this is wrong? Shouldn’t police officers be treated the same as every other member of the public?

If he was someone outside of the police force it would be a different story.

If this was a member of the public and wasn’t a police officer this case would be taken up in a magistrates court due to the seriousness of the case and the fact that some people don’t even realise that both of these offences are counted as crimes so crown court wouldn’t be seen as necessary.

In a magistrates court there would be the accused/ criminal, the magistrates, the chairman, the clerk, the lawyers, the witnesses, the usher and the court reporter. Magistrates are local people who volunteer their services to be trained and work in that court. They don’t have to have legal qualifications to fulfil this role but are given legal advice by qualified Clerks. Magistrates do not talk within a case they just help make the decision on what should happen to the accused. The Clerk and the Chairman have been trained to do a specific role and sit in the middle of the magistrates taking control of the case, they ensure that the magistrates have all the information they need to do with the case so that everything proceeds correctly. The usher would introduce the trial/case and makes sure things run smoothly, they escort the witnesses to the seats and once the magistrates have arrived they leave the court. The lawyers work on opposing sides of the case, the prosecution tries to prove the defendant’s guilt whilst the defence works on proving their innocence. Finally the court reporter works for the media and does a report on the trial at hand. They can ask anyone involved apart from the magistrates to comment on the case as they aren’t allowed to speak.

 

 

 

 

People don’t seem to realise that if caught by an officer either eating whilst driving or urinating in public you can be given a trial in court and punishments can be given for these offences.

Such punishments could be a certain amount of community service that must be attended, a fine or possibly something such as points on your licence. These punishments can be all dependent on if this person is known for committing past offences or how they react to being told what punishment they have.

People see this as unfair and why shouldn't they! Police are doing things that they would punish us for but they get away with it! Why do we put up with such treatment?

Interactions within an occupation; Magistrate

The occupation that I have chosen to look at is a magistrate. A magistrate is someone who works alongside a chairman in a magistrate’s court. A magistrate is involved with many interactions between other magistrates and the police and possibly other occupations that are needed or linked. When in a trial a magistrate isn’t allowed to speak to the person on trial or to the other magistrates until they are out of the court room and are making a decision on what the punishment may be, only the chairman is allowed to speak within the trial. It is then a team effort to talk and make a decision amongst one another. Magistrates also have to deal with interactions through telephone conversations as they are required, as part of their job, to accept that they can be called or visited by the police at any time in order to sign a warrant. Another interaction that a magistrate may be involved with would be emails, the court house would email out to all the magistrates if extra help is needed on specific days. During breaks/lunch times magistrates choose to mainly talk about their life outside of work, their social and family life. At this point they may use taboo or slang as they are not required to talk about the occupation or use specific jargon. When being involved with interactions with the police, security or when making a court based decision a magistrate is required to use occupational lexis, this is because the interactions that go on between such people are quite serious and have a big effect on many people. Additionally, magistrates may be friends or see other magistrates socially so may interact outside of the courthouse but this isn’t common as magistrates range from many ages. Finally, a magistrate would have instrumental power over the person being accused or on trial because they listen and contribute after when choosing what should be the outcome to their trial.

Self Evaluation

We completed a timed essay in class about the status of English Language. This essay involved different theorists that mentioned about different accents and dialects and some even mentioned about gender. I mentioned about my past primary research to do with my questionnaire that was completed a while a go showing peoples thoughts on the language we use and how language has changed. In order for me to improve for future essays I need to make sure I am going into detail with what I am writing and not just describing. I also need to learn theories better in order to be able to link them in essays.  For the future I need to look at the mark scheme and make sure that I am adding more A01 to my essay because I seem to only focus of A02. In addition I need to add my own opinion on the points that I make throughout my essay as I don't really mention what I believe about certain theories or about peoples attitudes.
However there were positives to my essay. I did mention theorists and tried to link the ones that say similar things, also I used a lot of A02throughout which was good, it was better than past essays but there are still clear improvements to still be made.